References - Castor Oil Facts

CONTENTS

1. Castor Oil is non-toxic.
2. Fatty Acids or Triglycerides.
3. Medicinal Castor Oil.
4. Past and Present Medicinal Castor Oil Uses.
5. Medicinal Castor Oil Derivatives.
6. Anti-Cancer Drugs.
7. Anti-fungal Drugs.
8. Heart and Blood Pressure Drugs.
9. HIV Drugs.
10. Organ Transplant Drugs.
11. Castor Oil and Food.
12. Castor Oil and Beauty.
13. Cosmetic Castor Oil Uses.
14. Industrial Castor Oil.
15. Industrial Castor Oil Applications.
16. Traditional or Folk Medicinal Use.
17. Other Traditional Uses.
18. Oil Pressing.
19. Ricin.
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1. CASTOR OIL BASICS

1. Castor oil is non-toxic

   A. ICOA Technical Bulletin: Castor oil is non-toxic.  Return to Questions
   B. National Toxicology Program - Report.  Return to FYI
   C. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services: NTP technical report on the toxicity studies of Castor oil (CAS No. 8001-79-4)....  Return to FYI
   D. International Journal of Toxicology: Final report on the safety assessment of Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil,...  Return to FYI
   ...

2. Fatty Acids or Triglycerides

   A. Expression Profiles of Genes Involved in Fatty Acid and Triacyblycerol Syntheses in Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.).  Return to FYI  Return to Questions  Return to Home
   B. Diacyglycerol...in germinating castor seed cotyledons.  Return to Questions  Return to FYI  Return to Home
   C. Control of polyunsaturated acids in tissue lipids.  Return to FYI
   D. Biological significance of essential fatty acids.  Return to FYI
   E. Essential fatty acids in perspective  Return to FYI  Return to Home
   F. Role and importance of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in the prevention and therapy of artherosclerosis.  Return to FYI
   G. Comparison of the Incorporation of Oleate and Ricinoleate into Phosphatidylcholines and Acylglycerols.  Return to FYI
   H. Characterization of Castor oil by... (APCI and UV/Maldi).  Return to FYI
   I. Enzymatic synthesis of hydrophilic undecylenic acid sugar esters and their biodegradability.  Return to FYI
   J. Effect of ricinoleic acid in acute and subchronic experimental models of inflammation.  Return to FYI
   ...

3. Medicinal Castor Oil

   A. See Castor oil on the FDA (OTC) ingredient list on page 52 of this link.  Return to FYI
   B. Effects of ricinoleic acid and oleic acids on the digestive contractile activity of the canine small and large bowel.  Return to FYI
   C. Actions of ricinoleic acid and the structurally related fatty acids of the gastrointestinal tract. l. Effects on smooth muscle contractility in vitro.  Return to FYI
   D. Actions of ricinoleic acid and structurally related fatty acids on the gastrointestinal tract. ll. Effects on water and electrolyte absorption in vitro.  Return to FYI
   E. Antinociceptive effects of Cremophor EL orally administered to mice.  Return to FYI  Return to Home
   F. Gastrointestinal medications in pregnancy.  Return to FYI
   G. Avoid contact with eyes.  Return to FYI
   ...

4. Past and Present medicinal Castor oil uses

   A. Use of medicinal Castor oil in delivery.  Return to FYI
   B. Castor oil, bath and/or enema for cervical priming and induction of labour.  Return to FYI
   C. Using a Castor oil-balsam of Peru-trypsin ointment to assist in healing skin graft donor sites.  Return to FYI
   D. Managing a traumatic wound in a geriatric patient.  Return to FYI
   E. Heparin-induced...bullous lesions treated with trypsin-balsam or Peru-Castor oil ointment: a case study.  Return to FYI
   F. Report upon the Use of a Mixture of Castor oil and Balsam of Peru as a Surgical Dressing.  Return to FYI
   G. The effect...of two topical wound treatment products.  Return to FYI
   H. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of three irrigating solutions in teeth with pupal necrosis.  Return to FYI
   I. In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of a castor oil-based irrigant.  Return to FYI
   J. Enter "fact sheet 115" in the WHO search window, then click on WHO | Schistosomiasis data.  Return to FYI
   K. Schistosoma mansoni: experimental chemoprophylaxis in mice using oral anti-penetration agents. Medicinal Castor oil and ricinoleic acid as oral anti-penetration agents to prevent Schistosomiasis.  Return to FYI
   L. Various uses of the Castor oil plant (Ricinus communis L.). A review.  Return to FYI
   M. Castor oil decreases pain during extracorporeal shock wave application.  Return to FYI
   N. The reduction of coma time in lipohilic drug overdose using castor oil.  Return to FYI
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5. Medicinal Castor oil Derivatives

   A. Haematopietic radioprotection by Cremophor EL: a polyethoxylated Castor oil.  Return to FYI
   B. Preparation and evaluation of microemulsion of vinpocetine for transdermal delivery.  Return to FYI
   C. The influence of cosurfactants and oils on the formation of pharmaceutical microemulsions based on PEG-8 caprylic/capric glycerides.  Return to FYI
   D. Pegylation: engineering improved pharmaceuticals for enhanced therapy.  Return to FYI
   E. Anti-cancer PEG-enzymes: 30 years old, but still a current approach.  Return to FYI
   F. PEGylation, successful approach to drug delivery.  Return to FYI
   G. Polyehtylene glycol modification: relevance of improved methodology to tumour targeting.  Return to FYI
   H. Effective drug delivery by PEGylated drug conjugates.  Return to FYI
   I. PEG drugs: an overview.  Return to FYI
   J. Cremophor and Emulphor induced alterations of serum lipids and lipoprotein electrophoretic patterns of dogs.  Return to FYI
   K. Effect of Emulphor, an emulsifier, on the pharmacokinetics and hepatotoxicity of oral carbon tetrachloride in the rat.  Return to FYI
   L. USITC Memorandum - Undecylenic acid is an organic fatty acid derived from natural Castor Oil - See page 2.
   M. See Undecylenic acid on the FDA (OTC) ingredient list on page 65 of this link.  Return to FYI
   N. Enzymatic synthesis of hydrophilic undecylenic acid sugar esters and their biodegradability.  Return to FYI
   ...

6. ANTI-CANCER DRUGS

   A. Synergistic reversal of multidrug-resistance phenotype in acute myeloid leukemia cells by cyclosporine A and cremophor EL.  Return to FYI
   B. Copmparison of solutol HS 15, Cremophor EL and novel ethoxylated fatty acid surfactants as multidrug resistance modification agents.  Return to FYI
   C. Inhibition of cytarabine-induced MDR1 (P-glycoprotein) gene activation in human tumor cells by fatty acid-polyethylene glycol-fatty acid diesters, novel inhibitors of P-glycoprotein function.  Return to FYI
   D. Reversal of multidrug resistance phenotype by surfactants: relationship to membrane lipid fluidity .  Return to FYI
   E. Cremophor EL is not an inert vehicle, buts exerts a range of biological effects, some of which have important clinical implications. Cremophor EL: the drawbacks and advantages of vehicle selection for drug formulation.  Return to FYI
   F. Pharmacological effects of formulation vehicles: implications for cancer chemotherapy.  Return to FYI
   G. Role of formulation vehicles in taxane pharmacology.  Return to FYI
   H. Modulation of cisplatin pharmacodynamics by Cremophor EL: experimental and clinical studies.  Return to FYI
   I. Cytotoxicity of fractionated paclitaxel (Taxol) administration in vitro.  Return to FYI
   J. Antiproliferative effects of paclitaxel (Taxol) on human renal clear cell carcinomas in vitro.  Return to FYI
   K. The cytotoxic activity of Taxol in primary cultures of tumour cells from patients is partly mediated by Cremophor EL.  Return to FYI
   L. Potential neurotoxicity of the solvent vehicle for cyclosporine.  Return to FYI
   M. Topoisomerase II trapping agent teniposide induces apoptosis and G2/M or S phase arrest of oral squamous cell carcinoma.  Return to FYI
   N. Skin ulceration potential without therapeutic anticancer activity for epipodophyllotoxin commercial diluents.  Return to FYI
   O. Haematopietic radioprotection by Cremophor EL: a polyethoxylated Castor oil.  Return to FYI derivatives  Return to FYI derivative Uses
   P. Inter-relationships of paclitaxel disposition, infusion duration and cremophor EL kinetics in cancer patients.  Return to FYI
   Q. Paclitaxel-induced cytotoxicity--the effects of cremophor EL (Castor oil) on human breast cancer cell lines with aquired multidrug resistance phenotype and induced expression of the permeability glycoprotein.  Return to FYI
   R. Measurement of cremophor EL following taxol: plasma levels sufficient to reverse drug exclusion mediated by the multidrug-resistant phenotype.  Return to FYI
   S. The history and mechanism of action of fulvestrant.  Return to FYI
   T. Preliminary experience with pure antiestrogens.  Return to FYI
   U. Biological characteristics of the pure antiestrogen fulvestrant: overcoming endocrine resistance.  Return to FYI
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7. ANTI-FUNGAL DRUGS

   A. Undecylenic acid inhibits morphogenisis of Candida albicans.  Return to FYI
   B. Undecylenic Acid in Psoriasis - See summary / page 4.  Return to FYI
   C. Effect of undecylenic acid against herpes infection.  Return to FYI
   D. Cutaneous alternariosis treated with miconazole.  Return to FYI
   ...

8. HEART and BLOOD PRESSURE DRUGS

   A. Effect of polyoxyl 35 Castor oil and Polysorbate 80 on the intestinal absorption of digoxin in vitro.  Return to FYI
   B. Pharmacokinetic and pharmaceutic interaction between digoxin and Cremophor RH40.  Return to FYI
   C. Chemotherapeutic potential of plant alkaloids and multidrug resistance mechanisms in malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the heart.  Return to FYI

9. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Protease Inhibitors

   A. Comparison of pharmacokinetics of saquinavir soft-gel capsule (SQV-SGC) combined with ritonavir (RTV), SQV hard-gel capsule with RTV, and SQV-SGC alone.  Return to FYI
   B. Dose-dependent increase of saquinavir bioavailability by the pharmaceutic aid Cremophor EL.  Return to FYI
   C. A comparison of intestinal lymphatic transport and systemic bioavailability of saquinavir from three lipid-based formulations in the anaesthetised rat model.  Return to FYI
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10. ORGAN TRANSPLANT DRUGS

    A. Effect of cylosporin A and its vehicle on cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondria: relationship to efficacy of the respiratory chain.  Return to FYI
    B. Reversal of C1300 murine neuroblastoma multidrug resistance by Cremophor EL, a solvent for cyclosporin A.  Return to FYI
    C. The direct effect of injectable cyclosporine and its vehicle, cremophor, on endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression. Ricinoleic acid inhibits coronary artery endothelial activation.  Return to FYI
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11. Everything Added to Food in the United States" (EAFUS)

    A. In the "EAFUS" database page just scroll down to locate Castor oil (food grade). On the right side, it has the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) Registry Number of 8001-79-4. The ten Regulation numbers (REGNUM) in the far right column show the locations where Castor oil/derivatives appear in Title 21 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. To view or navigate to these REGNUM's (food industry uses) click here and then just enter the REGNUM (your choice, e.g. 172.510) in the Title 21 box and click on the search box.  Return to FYI
    B. The esterification of...Castor oil... in chocolate.  Return to FYI
    C. Cremophor EL is ... used ... in the foodstuff industries.  Return to FYI
    D. Polyoxyethylated Castor oil ... is also known as Cremophor.  Return to FYI
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12. Castor oil and Beauty

    A. American Chemical Society (ACS) - The Taming of the Bean; By Nancy McGuire  Return to FYI
    B. ICOA Technical Bulletin - Skin non-comedogen  Return to FYI
    C. Investigation on the photostability of tretinoin in creams. Return to FYI
    D. Optical properties of hair: effect of treatments on luster as quantified by image analysis. Return to FYI
    E. Analysis of spectral properties of oil matrix raw materials in skin care products. Return to FYI
    F. Household Products Database PEG-40 hydrogenated Castor oil. Return to FYI
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13. Cosmetic Castor oil uses

    
    

    A.  Return to FYI
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14. Industrial Castor oil

    A. Directed Synthesis of Base Oils That Overcome Traditional Vegetable Oil Shortcomings.  Return to FYI
    B. Influence of fatty acid methyl esters from hydroxylated vegetable oils on diesel fuel lubricity.  Return to FYI
    C. Petroleum Oil and the Environment.  Return to FYI
    D. Lubricants based on renewable resources -- an environmentally compatible alternative to mineral oil products.  Return to FYI
    E. Biodegradable plastics from renewable sources.  Return to FYI
    F. Biodegradable Foam Plastics Based on Castor Oil.  Return to FYI
    G. Petroleum Oil - A Fossil Fuel.  Return to Questions
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15. Industrial Castor oil applications

    A. See top of page 2/14 of this link.  Return to FYI
    B. See page 9 of this link.  Return to FYI
    C. See 28,000 + patents with (Castor and oil) in the search results (most likely several thousand patents contain Castor oil).  Return to FYI
    D. Nylon 11 Carcinogenesis Bioassay of 11-Aminoundecanoic Acid (CAS No. 2432-99-7) in F344 Rats and B6C3F1 Mice.  Return to FYI
    E. Novel formulation for enhancing efficiency of tebuconazole.  Return to FYI
    F. Pollution-preventing anionic lithographic inks.  Return to FYI
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16. Traditional or Folk medicinal use

    A. Castor oil, bath and/or enema for cervical priming and induction of labour.  Return to FYI Traditional
    ...

17. Other Traditional Uses

    A. *The best lamp oil: "American Memory - Library of Congress: Nineteenth Century in Print: Periodicals. Production of Castor Oil in India. [Manufacturer and Builder/ Volume 26, Issue 6, June 1894 p.128]." Return to FYI
    B. Gas chromatographic, mass spectrometric and stable carbon isotopic investigations of organic residues of plant oils and animal fats employed as illuminants in archaeological lamps from Egypt.  Return to FYI
    C. Nikola Tesla (1856-1943) U.S. Patent Number 382,280 May 1,1888.  Return to FYI
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18. Oil Pressing

    
    

    A. Molds On Food Are They Dangerous?.  Return to FYI
    B. ICOA Technical Bulletin: Castor oil is non-toxic.  Return to FYI
    C. National Toxicology Program - Report.  Return to FYI
    D. U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services: NTP technical report on the toxicity studies of Castor oil (CAS No. 8001-79-4)...  Return to FYI
    E. Avoid contact with eyes.  Return to FYI
    ...

19. Ricin

    A. Ingestion of Castor oil plant seeds. [If link error occurs at the National Library of Medicine, enter 9315014 in search window, then hit go to view reference page.]  Return to FYI
    B. Castor bean toxicity re-examined: a new perspective.  Return to FYI
    C. Castor bean poisoning.  Return to FYI
    D. Ricin a therapeutic agent and a biological weapon.   Return to FYI
    E. Combination chemotherapy followed by an immunotoxin (anti-B4-blocked ricin) in patients with indolent lymphoma: results of a phase II study.   Return to FYI
    F. Ricin magic bullets destroy cancer cells. Ricin. Mechanisms of cytotoxicity.  Return to FYI
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